


Miles and Shipway ( 2020) acknowledged that the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the sport sector remains largely unknown. The volunteer workforce is arguably the most valuable asset possessed by the sector and is acknowledged as the indispensable resource for the operational and economic success of sport events (Catano et al., 2001 Surujlal and Dhurup, 2008 Nichols, 2014). Furthermore, within the UK sport sector volunteers contribute an annual equivalent value of more than £1.5 billion (Coleman, 2002). With an estimated equivalent value of £22 billion, volunteering contributes significantly to society in the UK (Office of National Statistics, 2017). The study provides specific recommendations to inform event planning and delivery to enhance volunteer experiences and, ultimately, outcomes of volunteer programs associated with large sport events. These challenges carry with them certain resource implications that event organizers need to consider to effectively run volunteer programs and support volunteers in engagement and re-engagement following the pandemic, as well as to harness opportunities the pandemic has potentially created to successfully re-emerge from the shadow of COVID-19. The study identified some potential challenges facing volunteer programs associated with large sport events post-pandemic, particularly in relation to volunteer recruitment, volunteer management, and safety concerns affecting volunteer confidence to re-engage in volunteering.
NOTEWORTHY CHARACTERISTICS VOLUNTEER EXPERIENCE SERIES
A mixed methods approach was adopted for this study: a survey conducted with volunteers ( n = 101) combined with a series of interviews with volunteers ( n = 8) and volunteer managers ( n = 6). The aim of this research, therefore, was to critically examine the reasons behind this theory-practice divide in volunteer–volunteer management relationship and its potential impact on volunteer experiences and volunteer program outcomes, particularly in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and its implications for sport event organizers and volunteer managers in the UK. On the other hand, a lack of the right mechanisms (e.g., political will, financial, and managerial resources) in place before and throughout the event lifespan intensifies this disconnect. On one hand, this can be attributable to limited knowledge about volunteers' characteristics and motivations, their lived experiences, the processes of volunteering, and the actual volunteer management practices. For example, published evidence shows that volunteer programs often lack effective planning and management to achieve successful program results. Yet, it can be argued that a gap exists in the relationship between volunteer management theory and practice in the context of large sport events. g., volunteer appreciation and recognition, provision of meaningful roles, effective communication, and the importance of relational connection, just to name a few. The existing literature highlights some universal principles that are widely accepted as a good volunteer management practice, e.
